Ngomhla ka-20 Ephreli, i-Minmetals Resources Co., Ltd. (MMG) yamemezela e-Hong Kong stock exchange ukuthi imayini yethusi ye-lasbambas ngaphansi kwenkampani ngeke ikwazi ukugcina ukukhiqizwa ngenxa yokuthi abasebenzi bomphakathi wendawo ePeru bangena endaweni yezimayini ukuze babhikishe.Kusukela lapho, imibhikisho yendawo iye yanda.Ekuqaleni kukaJuni, amaphoyisa asePeruvia axabana nemiphakathi eminingana emayini, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwemayini yethusi ye-lasbambas kanye nemayini yethusi ye-loschancas yaseSouthern Copper Company kwamiswa.

NgoJuni 9, imiphakathi yasendaweni yasePeru yathi izowususa umbhikisho omelene nemayini yethusi i-lasbambas, okwaphoqa imayini ukuthi ime ukusebenza cishe izinsuku ezingama-50.Umphakathi uzimisele ukuphumula ngomhla zingama-30 (Juni 15 - Julayi 15) ukuze wenze umzuliswano omusha wezingxoxo.Umphakathi wakule ndawo ucele imayini ukuthi ihlinzeke amalungu omphakathi imisebenzi futhi ihlele kabusha abaphathi bezimayini.Imayini ithe izophinde iqale eminye imisebenzi yasezimayini.Khonamanjalo, bangu-3000 abasebenzi abake bayeka ukusebenza kosonkontileka bakwa-MMG okulindeleke ukuthi babuyele emsebenzini.

Ngo-April, ukukhishwa kwemayini yethusi yasePeru kwaba amathani angu-170000, kwehle ngo-1.7% unyaka nonyaka kanye no-6.6% ngenyanga.Ezinyangeni ezine zokuqala zalo nyaka, ukukhishwa kwemayini yethusi yasePeru kwaba amathani angama-724000, okuwukunyuka konyaka ngo-2.8%.Ngo-Ephreli, ukukhishwa kwemayini yethusi ye-lasbambas yehle kakhulu.Imayini yaseCuajone, ephethwe yiSouthern Copper yasePeru, yavalwa cishe izinyanga ezimbili ngenxa yemibhikisho yomphakathi wendawo.Kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya ku-April kulo nyaka, ukukhiqizwa kwethusi kwemayini ye-lasbambas kanye nemayini yaseCuajone kwehle ngamathani acishe abe ngu-50000.NgoMeyi, ezinye izimayini zethusi zathinteka emibhikishweni.Kusukela ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, imibhikisho emelene nezimayini zethusi emiphakathini yasePeruvia inciphise ukukhiqizwa kwezimayini zethusi ePeru ngamathani angaphezu kuka-100000.

Ngomhla zingama-31 kuJanuwari 2022, iChile yamukela iziphakamiso ezimbalwa.Esinye isiphakamiso sibiza ukuthi izimayini ze-lithium nezethusi zifakwe ngaphansi kukahulumeni;Esinye isiphakamiso siwukunikeza isikhathi esithile semvume yezimayini eyayivulwe ekuqaleni, futhi kunikezwe iminyaka emihlanu njengenkathi yenguquko.Ekuqaleni kukaJuni, uhulumeni waseChile wethula inqubo yezigwegwe ngokumelene nemayini yethusi ye-lospelambres.Isiphathimandla esilawula imvelo sase-Chile senze izinsolo ngokusetshenziswa okungafanele kanye nokukhubazeka kwechibi eliphuthumayo lenkampani i-Tailings kanye namaphutha esivumelwano sengozi nezokuxhumana eziphuthumayo.Inhlangano elawula imvelo yaseChile ithe icala laqalwa ngenxa yezikhalazo zezakhamizi.

Uma sibheka umphumela wangempela wezimayini zethusi e-Chile kulo nyaka, ukukhiqizwa kwezimayini zethusi e-Chile kwehle kakhulu ngenxa yokwehla kwezinga lethusi kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okunganele.Kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya ku-April kulo nyaka, ukukhiqizwa kwemayini yethusi yaseChile kwaba amathani ayizigidi ezingu-1.714, ukwehla konyaka ngonyaka ngo-7.6%, futhi umphumela wehla ngamathani angu-150000.Izinga lokwehla komkhiqizo livame ukusheshisa.Ikhomishana kazwelonke yethusi yaseChile ithe ukwehla kokukhiqizwa kwethusi kungenxa yokwehla kwezinga le-ore kanye nokuntuleka kwemithombo yamanzi.

Ukuhlaziywa komnotho kokuphazamiseka kokukhiqizwa kwemayini yethusi

Ngokuvamile, lapho intengo yethusi isebangeni eliphezulu, inani leziteleka zemayini yethusi nezinye izehlakalo zizokhula.Abakhiqizi bekhopha bazoqhudelana ngezindleko eziphansi uma amanani ethusi ezinzile noma uma ithusi ele-electrolytic linensada.Kodwa-ke, uma imakethe isemakethe yomdayisi ojwayelekile, ukunikezwa kwethusi kuyashoda futhi ukunikezwa kukhuphuka kakhulu, okubonisa ukuthi umthamo wokukhiqiza ithusi ususetshenziswe ngokugcwele futhi amandla okukhiqiza aseqandeni aseqalile ukuba nomthelela intengo yethusi.

Ikusasa lomhlaba kanye nemakethe yamabala yethusi ithathwa njengemakethe eqhudelana kahle kakhulu, ehambisana ngokuyisisekelo nokuqagelwa okuyisisekelo kwemakethe eqhudelana kahle kuthiyori yezomnotho yendabuko.Imakethe ihlanganisa inani elikhulu labathengi nabathengisi, i-homogeneity eqinile yomkhiqizo, ukuthengwa kwezinsiza, ukuphelela kolwazi nezinye izici.Esigabeni lapho ukutholakala kwekhopha kuncipha futhi ukukhiqizwa nezokuthutha ziqala ukugxila, izici ezikhuthaza ukuzimela kanye nokufunwa kwerenti zivela eduze kwesixhumanisi esikhuphukayo sochungechunge lwemboni yethusi.E-Peru nase-Chile, amazwe amakhulu anezinsiza zethusi, izinyunyana zabasebenzi bendawo kanye namaqembu omphakathi azoba nesikhuthazo esengeziwe sokuqinisa isikhundla sawo sokubusa ngokufuna irenti ukuze afune inzuzo engakhiqizi.

Umkhiqizi oyedwa angagcina isikhundla somthengisi oyedwa emakethe yakhe, futhi amanye amabhizinisi awakwazi ukungena emakethe futhi aqhudelane nayo.Ukukhiqizwa kwemayini yethusi nakho kunalesi sici.Emkhakheni wezimayini zethusi, i-monopoly ayibonakali nje kuphela ngezindleko eziphezulu ezihleliwe, okwenza kube nzima kubatshalizimali abasha ukuba bangene;Kubuye kubonakale eqinisweni lokuthi ukuhlola, ukucwaninga okungenzeka, ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo nokukhiqizwa kwemayini yethusi kuzothatha iminyaka eminingana.Noma ngabe kukhona abatshalizimali abasha, ukuhlinzekwa kwezimayini zethusi ngeke kuphazamiseke esikhathini esimaphakathi nesifushane.Ngenxa yezizathu zomjikelezo, imakethe encintisanayo iveza izici zokubusa ngezigaba, okunobuntu bakho bobabili bemvelo (abahlinzeki abambalwa basebenza kahle kakhulu) kanye nokubusa kwezinsiza (izinsiza ezibalulekile ziphethwe amabhizinisi ambalwa kanye nombuso).

Ithiyori yendabuko yezomnotho isitshela ukuthi ukubusa ngokweqile kuletha ukulimala okubili.Okokuqala, kuthinta ukulungiswa okuvamile kobudlelwane besidingo sokuhlinzeka.Ngaphansi komthelela wokufuna irenti kanye ne-monopoly, okukhiphayo kuvame ukuba ngaphansi kunomkhiqizo odingekayo ukuze kube nebhalansi yokuhlinzeka nokufunwa, futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kokuhlinzeka nokufunwa buhlanekezelwe isikhathi eside.Okwesibili, kuholela ekutshalweni kwezimali okunganele.Amabhizinisi noma izinhlangano ezizimele zingathola izinzuzo ngokufuna indawo yokuhlala, okuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle futhi kwenza buthaka umdlandla wokukhulisa ukutshalwa kwezimali nokwandisa umthamo wokukhiqiza.I-Central Bank yasePeru ibike ukuthi inani lokutshalwa kwezimali ezimayini ePeru lehlile ngenxa yomthelela wemibhikisho yomphakathi.Kulo nyaka, inani lokutshalwa kwezimali ezimayini ePeru lehle cishe ngo-1%, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi lehle ngo-15% ngo-2023. Isimo saseChile sifana nesePeru.Ezinye izinkampani zezimayini zimise ukutshalwa kwezimali kwazo ezimayini eChile.

Inhloso yokufuna irenti ukuqinisa ukuziphatha kwe-monopoly, ukuthonya amanani kanye nokwenza inzuzo kukho.Ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwayo okuphansi, nakanjani ibhekana nezingqinamba ezincintisana nazo.Ngokombono wesikhathi eside nokuncintisana kwezimayini zomhlaba wonke, intengo idonselwa phezulu kunebhalansi yokuhlinzeka kanye nesidingo (ngaphansi kwesimo sokuncintisana okuphelele), okunikeza izikhuthazo zamanani aphezulu kubakhiqizi abasha.Ngokuphathelene nokunikezwa kwethusi, icala elijwayelekile ukwanda kwezimali kanye nokukhiqizwa ngabavukuzi bethusi baseShayina.Ngokombono wawo wonke umjikelezo, kuzoba noshintsho olukhulu endaweni yomhlaba yokuhlinzeka ngethusi.

Inani lokubuka

Imibhikisho emiphakathini emazweni aseNingizimu Melika iholele ngqo ekwehleni kokukhiqizwa kwe-copper ezimayini zendawo.Ekupheleni kukaMeyi, ukukhiqizwa kwemayini yethusi emazweni aseNingizimu Melika kwase kwehle ngamathani angaphezu kuka-250000.Ngenxa yomthelela wokutshalwa kwezimali okunganele, umthamo wokukhiqiza wesikhathi esimaphakathi kanye nesikhathi eside uye wavalwa ngokufanele.

Imali yokucubungula i-Copper concentrate ingumehluko wamanani phakathi kwemayini yethusi nekhopha elicwengekile.Imali yokucubungula i-copper concentrate yehle isuka ku-$83.6/t ephakeme kakhulu ekupheleni kuka-April yaya ku-$75.3/t yakamuva.Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imali yokucubungula i-copper concentrate iphinde yakhuphuka isuka enanini eliphansi lomlando ngoMeyi 1 ngonyaka odlule.Ngokwanda kwezehlakalo ezithinta okukhiphayo kwemayini yethusi, imali yokucubungula i-copper concentrate izobuyela esimweni sika-$60 / ton noma ngisho nangaphansi, icindezela indawo yenzuzo yesincibilikisi.Ukushoda okulinganiselwe kwetshe lensimbi yethusi kanye nendawo yethusi kuzokwandisa isikhathi lapho intengo yethusi ikubanga eliphezulu (inani lethusi laseShanghai lingaphezu kuka-70000 yuan/ton).

Uma sibheke phambili enkambisweni yesikhathi esizayo yentengo yethusi, inqubekelaphambili yokwehla kwamandla emali emhlabeni jikelele kanye nesimo sangempela sokwehla kwamandla emali kuseyizici ezihamba phambili zentengo yethusi isigaba nesigaba.Ngemuva kokuthi idatha ye-inflation yase-US ikhuphuke kakhulu futhi ngoJuni, imakethe yalinda isitatimende se-Fed mayelana nokwehla kwamandla emali okuqhubekayo.Isimo sengqondo sokuthi "u-hawkish" se-Federal Reserve singase sibangele ingcindezi yezikhathi ezithile enanini lekhopha, kodwa ngokuhambisanayo, ukwehla okusheshayo kwezimpahla zase-US kuphinde kukhawulele inqubo yokujwayela yenqubomgomo yezimali yase-US.